Do You Agree with Milton Friedman’s (1970) Claim That...

Do you agree with Milton Friedman’s (1970) claim that: â€Å"the only responsibility of business is to increase its profits†? Today we live in a world were companies are major actors and influence society on many levels. This is why ethics were brought into the business world. Ethical enterprises follow certain values and moral beliefs and were created with the supposed intention of using that influence in a positive way and protect what surrounds them, whether it is the people who work for the company, the rest of society, the environment etc. Ethics helps companies distinguish what’s wrong or right in a certain situation and act upon it. It bases itself on the idea that a corporation is somewhat responsible for how it affects others, hence†¦show more content†¦Many cosmetic brands like Lush or The Body Shop chose to ban animal testing and adopt a ‘cruelty free’ policy that doesn’t harm anyone during testing. The Body Shop even took it a step further by having the same testing that is usually practiced on animals done to a volunteering actress in the window of one of the ir shop to try and sensitize more people to the situation. (The Body Shop, 1992) The company used the influence it had to promote a cause that was important to them and raised awareness on the subject. This is why the installment and promotion of positive values is important. Managing by values was created to help incorporate those in the way the business is run, and benefits a company in many ways. Not only does it promote a healthy view of the brand but it also helps tie up different departments together and builds up the employee’s attachment and loyalty to the company. And although managing by values isn’t the same as corporate ethics, they are both linked, and the improvement of one helps the establishment of the other. This form of management proves that companies are not the evil they can sometimes be portrayed as. They can be humane, do the right things and project a positive image. (Dolan et. Al., 2006) But this is not always the case. Many debate on the true intentions of socially responsible businesses and question the necessity of involving ethics into the business world. OneShow MoreRelatedDo you agree with Milton Friedman’s (1970) claim that :  « the only responsibility of business is to increase its profits  » ?2913 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿Do you agree with Milton Friedman’s (1970) claim that  :  «Ã‚  the only responsibility of business is to increase its profits  Ã‚ »Ã‚  ? Milton Friedman was an American economist, statistician and writer, who had a massive impact on the research agenda of the economics profession. His famous words â€Å"the only responsibility of business is to increase its profits† (Friedman, Milton. 1970) led to many controversial debates on whether businesses should have ethics or if profit should be their main  goal. CorporateRead MoreAdvertising and Sex2303 Words   |  10 Pagesvarious studies to show how this strategy is not only over used, but is improperly used and viewable to all consumers, including young children. The advertising industry has taken a low blow at society and needs to focus their attentions on preserving human decency and uphold a higher standard of moral concern. What are we really dealing with here? As time grows older, the acceptance of more and more ideals is growing by the second. Not only ten years ago were standards different. I rememberRead MoreSexual Harassment in the Workplace2294 Words   |  10 PagesSEXUAL HARASSMENT Sexual Harassment in the Workplace Business Ethics Philosophy Class 218 Sexual Harassment in the Workplace What is sexual harassment? According to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), sexual harassment is a form of sex discrimination that violates Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature constitute sexual harassment when this conduct explicitlyRead MoreThe Morality of Capitalism2662 Words   |  11 Pageswell-being, and generates a wide spectrum of prosperity. Exposition As citizens of the United States, we are members of the leading capitalist economy in the world. Our production and distribution is mostly done privately and we operate in a â€Å"profit† or â€Å"market† system. The capitalist system has been a target for criticism throughout the last three hundred years and is being discussed now more than ever due to the recent recession and financial crisis (Shaw and Barry n.d., 1). Its effects, structureRead MoreImportance of Ethics in Business as an Academic Discipline8970 Words   |  36 PagesIntroduction to Business Ethics 2. Ethics as an Academic Discipline 3. Importance of Ethics in Business as an Academic Discipline 4. The Case Against Business Ethics Education 5. Conclusion 0.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Question 1: Discuss the importance of Ethics in business as an Academic Discipline. 0.3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In today’s highly competitive, performance-driven business climate, regulations are not enough; professional ethics codes are not enough; the old model of â€Å"business ethics†

No Child Left Behind And Zero Tolerance Programs - 957 Words

Shift to Tough on crime: No Child Left Behind and Zero Tolerance programs In the 1980 s , there were tough on crime laws and zero tolerance programs that were enforced to foster a healthy education environment for children and adolescents; specifically targeting repeat juvenile offenders. As a result, we have learned that instilling laws such as No Child Left Behind and enforcing Zero Tolerance programs in school settings are too rigid and cause more issues than benefits for children, caretakers, and the school systems. When researchers from helping professions analyze this issue from parts of Bronfenbrenner s ecological approach, we can understand some harmful contributing factors in the relationships between the student, the caregiver, the educators and law enforcers. In the Microsystem we discussed that many of the direct connections between the student and the teacher appear to be cold and strict. The stress of the No Child Left Behind Act caused teachers to force their students to pass standardized testing. Also, zero tolerance policies were causing teachers to use more of an authoritarian approach in classroom management. If they were not cooperative or well mannered at all times, they were punished. Enforcers of these policies and laws never took into consideration other emotional, biological or environmental factors that may be impacting the students negative behavior. Punishments were sometimes cruel and unnecessary: detention, and in/out of schoolShow MoreRelatedNo Child Left Behind And Zero Tolerance Programs779 Words   |  4 PagesPrison Pipeline Shift to Tough on crime: No Child Left Behind and Zero Tolerance programs In the 1980 s , there were tough on crime laws and zero tolerance programs that were enforced to for help foster a healthy education environment for children and adolescents; especially targeted to repeat offenders such as at-risk juveniles. As a result, we have learned that instilling laws such as No Child Left Behind and enforcing zero tolerance programs in school was too rigid and caused more issuesRead MoreCriminalization at School: Zero-Tolerance Discipline Policies Might Be Damaging to Students1309 Words   |  6 PagesSchool-to-Prison Pipeline is one of the most urgent challenges in education today. This paper will focus on the following circumstances and policies contributing to the school-to-prison pipeline: 1) resource deprived schools, 2) high-stake testing and 3) zero-tolerance discipline policies. However, it is important to note that the school-to-prison pipeline is a broad problem not limited to these three components and has been influenced by historical inequities (segregated education), concentrated poverty, andRead MoreDirty Tolerance Laws, Bad Schools And Schools Is Failing Millions Of Minority Students1420 Words   |  6 Pagesannually are expelled or suspended for violent or non violent offenses while attending school school. The majority of the offenses are nonviolent offenses that are handled just as harshly as violent school infractions due to zero tolerance laws. This essay will show how how zero tolerance laws, bad schools and policing in schools is failing millions of minority students and fueling the school to prison pipeline. the school to prison pipe line according to the national civil Liberties union â€Å"refers toRead MoreZero Tolerance Policies in American Schools Essay874 Words   |  4 Pageskindergarten to college, there is a form of discipline known as a zero tolerance policy. While the exact wording is different from school to school, basically a zero tolerance policy means that a student is immediately suspended, asked to attend an alternative school, or expelled if they are suspected or caught doing certain things. These policies are in place to hopefully deter students from doing drugs or being violent, but the ethics behind them are questionable. Some research has shown that these policiesRead MoreHigh School Dropout Rates And Incarceration Rates1257 Words   |  6 Pages2015; 96), the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (Ellis, 2007; 221), and the Gun-Free School Act 1994 (Essex, 2000; 37). Next, I will discuss how the policies lead to increased school suspensions (Schept, Wall, and Bri sman, 2015; 96), increased crime rates (Thompson, 2011; 23), and race bias (Simmons, 2009; 215 and Marable, 2008; 59). This paper intends to explore the various factors in an educational environment that contribute to the increasing dropout rates. Zero Tolerance Policies In attemptRead MoreEducation Crisis in America2463 Words   |  10 Pagesneed to work together to put education first in the U.S. so we can reduce our ridiculous incarceration rates. Current school policies of zero tolerance and increased police presence at schools have led to a so called â€Å"school to prison pipeline†. â€Å"While these policies were motivated, in part, by the perceived need to increase safety and security, zero tolerance policies and police in schools have instead increased the risks of criminalization for segments of the student body, particularly studentsRead MoreRacial Disparities Of Black Students1542 Words   |  7 Pagesof blacks. Many scholars argue that the Zero-Tolerance policies implemented in schools are discriminatory practices that target disadvantaged, minority youth (Wald and Losen, 2003; Welsh and Payne, 2010; Skiba et al. 2000). As exclusionary discipline has been consistently linked to race, the widespread racial discrimination has done much harm to black students (Skiba et al., 2000). Cregor and Hewitt (2011) argue that the the enactment of No Child Left Behind has contributed to the suspension and expulsionRead M oreThe Progression And Maturation Of Human Development841 Words   |  4 Pagesgroups. Undergraduate and graduate degrees typically only contain limited courses specializing on human development and learning, however, at the University of Texas at Austin, there is an entire program specifically dedicated to the course of study (The University of Texas at Austin). The Ph.D. program takes approximately four years to complete and requires approval from a professor currently serving on the developmental psychology staff. Prospective candidates are held to the highest standardsRead MoreThe School to Prison Pipeline2688 Words   |  11 Pagesthreat of a bad permanent record all too real, as well as the consequences behind it. What is happening? Research suggests that The School to Prison Pipeline is damaging to students because it disproportionately affects poor, minority, and special needs students and is supported by unfairly applied disciplinary policies like â€Å"zero tolerance† and the standardized testing requirements backed by the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. The School to Prison Pipeline, or Cradle to Prison Pipeline asRead MoreBullying Among Students Within Schools1946 Words   |  8 PagesThis chapter will be examining schools in context, including bullying. To start this there will be a review of what basic bullying is. There will be an explanation of the Zero-Tolerance policy. Specifically, the different forms of bullying that occur in the school context. There was a study done by Taylor Francis Group with â€Å"An analysis of bullying among students within Schools†¦Ã¢â‚¬  After there will be a description of someone who is a potential target for bullying and how to handle it, if you are

Lucid Dreaming Essay Research Paper Roughly onethird free essay sample

Lucid Dreaming Essay, Research Paper Approximately tierce of our lives are exhausted sleeping, and a important sum of this clip is spent woolgathering. You have the ability to be witting, wake up, and well.. lucid, in your dreams. Lucid dreaming is woolgathering while being cognizant of being in a dream province. The term? lucid, ? coined by Frederik Van Eeden in 1913, is used in the sense of mental lucidity. The basic definition of lucid dreaming is nil more than going aware that you are woolgathering, of which many people have experience of. However, among these people, the sum of control and lucidity varies greatly. A low-level lucid dream is one where you know you? re dreaming, but that? s it. In sing a higher degree lucid dream, you have the power to control, influence, and respond to assorted events and contents of the dream. For those who achieve the province of clarity, the benefits are potentially tremendous. It gives you the opportunity to see escapades unsurpassed in mundane life. You can, literally, do anything you wish ; the lone bounds you are edge to are set by your imaginativeness. Lucid woolgathering gives us the ability to tap the power of the unconscious, and subconscious head, giving us a valuable penetration into our day-to-day lives. By larning to do the best of the worst state of affairs conceivable, you can get the better of incubuss and frights in the waking universe. ( Gackenbach/Bosveld ) There are several techniques for bring oning a limpid dream, and The Lucidity Institute, Inc. , founded in 1987 by limpid woolgathering research worker Dr. Stephen LaBerge to back up research on limpid dreams and to assist people larn to utilize them to heighten their lives, has created particular devices to help people in accomplishing lucid dreams. Inducing limpid dreams takes concentration, attempt, and clip, which some people may non be desiring to give to larn what they perceive as a? pointless? accomplishment. The key is doggedness, and you will be successful. Some people have been able to hold limpid dreams on the really first dark of trying to make so, nevertheless, it has taken others up to a few hebdomads. This varies greatly from individual to individual, as people who remember their dreams with greater easiness tend to happen it easier to hold limpid dreams when compared to those who remember merely a few every month. However, all is non lost if you fall into the latter class, as increasing dream callback is a reasonably easy undertaking to carry through. One of the best ways to progress your dream callback ability is to maintain a diary of dreams, and enter them when you foremost rouse, making so will develop yourself to retrieve dreams for more than a mere 30 seconds. ( LaBerge ) Many people confronted with the opportunity to larn of limpid woolgathering ask themselves, ? Why would I want to lucid dream? ? . The most common usage of lucid dreams for those who have achieved the accomplishment is for pure merriment and escapade. Unlike world, you are non restricted by the Torahs of natural philosophies, or even the authorities. There is no demand to be afraid of societal effects, because they are non-existent. You can wing, visit other universes, other times, or even hold sex with the most desirable spouse you can conceive of. There are no bound to the possibilities, except by your imaginativeness. Entertainment is non the lone usage of lucid dreaming. Because of the strong nexus between the head and organic structure during dreams, there is grounds to propose that dreams can be used for mental and physical healing. ( Ziesing ) ? Does lucid woolgathering interfere with the map of normal woolgathering? ? Lucid dreaming is normal woolgathering. The organic structure and head are in the same physiological province as in? normal? REM slumber. Dreaming is the consequence of high activity in the encephalon, but at the same clip exists sleep palsy, which stops us from moving out our dreams, or somnambulating, by paralysing our musculuss. Your head creates experiences based entirely on your ideas, phantasies, concerns, and frights. Having the cognition that you are woolgathering allows you, merely plenty, to direct the dream experience, like you direct your ideas while awake. The thought of dreams being an unconscious act is a closed-minded 1. Your conscious-self is ever present in dreams, if it weren? T, you would non be able to retrieve your dreams, as you can merely retrieve events that have been experienced consciously. Lucid woolgathering adds nil more than the consciousness of being in a dream province. ? If I am traveling to be witting and awake in my dreams, won? T that leave me tired when I awaken? ? Some people claim that they find limpid dreaming mentally palling, but for the bulk of people, limpid dreams are no more tiring than not. Your temper, nevertheless, will reflect your actions within the dream. ( Ziesing ) If you battled to the decease with an archvillain, you will likely experience more tired upon rousing. If you achieved some personal end or aspiration in a dream, you will likely transport over the feeling of great joy and fulfilment into world upon rousing. While larning to go limpid, you will most likely pass more clip waking up in the center of the dark to record dreams, and to pattern initiation techniques. This may go forth you experiencing more tired and exhausted than usual, so you should be certain to acquire adequate slumber while larning limpid dreaming. Don? T force yourself to larn it if you haven? t the free clip to make so, delay until you are less stressed, and have the clip to give. The two most effectual methods of bring oning a limpid dream are world proving and mnemotechnic initiation of limpid dreams ( MILD ) . For these techniques to win, you must hold faith that they are traveling to work. Don? T force yourself, and seek excessively hard, this will merely ensue in arrant defeat. If you feel you are deriving nil from the technique, alteration or give up for a twosome of hebdomads. ( Ziesing ) Peoples frequently start holding a limpid dream after giving up, curiously plenty. World testing is the confidence, and changeless inquiry, of whether or non what you? re sing is so world. Several times a twenty-four hours, inquire yourself, ? Am I woolgathering? ? You may be rather surprised of the reply some twenty-four hours. ( Van de Castle ) Another good trial of world is to transport a ticker, or note, read it, look off, and see if it? s the same when you look back. Mnemonic Initiation of Lucid Dreams ( MILD ) is a technique developed by Dr. Stephen LaBerge, and is used by him to bring on limpid dreams at will during his Ph.D. survey. The stairss to lucid woolgathering via MILD are to put your head to rouse from dreams and remember them every bit wholly as possible. After you have recalled it, concentrate single-mindedly on your purpose to retrieve to acknowledge that you? re woolgathering. Say to yourself, ? Following clip I? m dreaming, I want to retrieve I? m dreaming. ? Try to experience that you truly intend it, and concentrate your ideas on this thought entirely. At the same clip, imagine you are back in another dream you had late, but this clip you recognize it as being a dream. Repeat these until you hold your purpose steadfastly set in your head, and it is the last thing on your head before you fall asleep. ( LaBerge ) A limpid dream initiation device is another technique to accomplishing a lucid province while woolgathering. Developed through research lab research at Stanford University, the footing of these devices is to remind person of their purposes while woolgathering. It has been observed that some centripetal events are incorporated into ongoing dreams on juncture, such as your clock wireless, or neighbour? s lawn-mower looking disguised in your dream, instead than rousing you. For illustration, a tape recording of a voice stating? You? re woolgathering? played while a individual is in REM slumber will on juncture come through and remind the individual to go lucid. The Lucidity Institute settled on utilizing blinking visible radiations as a clarity cue, as they have less inclination to rouse people, and were easy applied. The DreamLight and NovaDreamer work by observing the rapid oculus motions of REM slumber, and alarming the wearer with a light cue. There has been much treatment, but the trials hold systematically shown that these devices give a 73 % higher success rate into limpid dream initiation. ( LaBerge ) I see limpid dreaming as a resort area for the imaginativeness, and though I merely have one or two a hebdomad, it is the ultimate holiday for the head. I can see no sick side effects to lucid dreaming, at least, non until there is a % 100 success rate to lucid dreaming, as that? s when you may hold people going badly anti-social. I would propose for anyone to give lucid woolgathering a just opportunity, they won? T regret it. 1. The Lucidity Institute, Dr. Stephen LaBerge ( President ) , 2555 Park Blvd. , Suite 2, Palo Alto, CA 94306-1919. Tel: 1-800 GO LUCID. WWW: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.lucidity.com/ 2. Control Your Dreams, Jane Bosveld and Jayne Gackenbach, New York: Harper A ; Row, 1989. 3. Our Dreaming Mind, Robert L. Van de Castle, New York: Ballantine Books, 1994 4. Fabianweb, Fabian Ziesing, WWW: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.stud.uni-hannover.de/user/73853/

Essay about Marketing in the Mobile Phone Industry Example For Students

Essay about Marketing in the Mobile Phone Industry We will be closely investigating another mobile phone network called Vodafone against the other three companies where we will be discussing Vodafones competitive advantage against BTCellnets long established cellular company of British Telecom and comparing the newly established company, One2One and how it threatens Vodafone. We will be creating and discussing SWOT analysis for these companies and explaining their current positioning. We will then be explaining how these four companies positioning will change within the next ten years from the results we have in our SWOT. Mobile Phone Description and History There has been massive change in the mobile phone industry since it was first launched in the 1980s. In recent years, four main players have dominated the industry, which are the companies we are discussing. Originally, two main players, Vodafone and Cellnet started the mobile telephone network. Vodafone History The Racal group founded Vodafone in 1982 and was the first mobile phone provider in the UK. The groups become public in 1988 when it floated on the New York Stock Exchange and in 1993, Vodafone and Racal demerged to become Vodafone Group PLC. The same year, the company was the first to launch an all-digital service called GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) network. Independent suppliers for mobile telephones have classed Vodafone as the market leader for network service and the most technologically advanced with their telecommunications equipment. Growth with most of the mobile network suppliers have been tremendous with Vodafone, we can see that almost every year, subscribers signing onto Vodafone has almost doubled. Within the retail section, Vodafone launched Vodafone Retail, and has over 280 outlets nationwide outside of the specialist mobile phone retailers. Vodafone has not only been supplying a quality network service to UK customers, but they have also had interests in countries such as Germany, South Africa, Australia and Greece. Because of this, Vodafone Group International was set up in 1993 these partnerships with overseas companies. In May 2000, Vodafone completed a joint venture with Bell Atlantic of America to form Verizon Wireless and are currently market leaders in the US, providing network service to 23 million customers and have majority coverage. Why Choose Vodafone? We have chosen this company as our main choice as Vodafone is the UKs leading network operator with the highest number of users and is the largest mobile Communications Company in the world. Current Positioning Vodafone UK is the UKs leading network operator with the highest number of users. Vodafone originally concentrated on the business market but now concentrate more on the commercial market and this is where we can compare them to other mobile network providers such as BTCellnet, Orange and One2One. Vodafone markets it products to a wide range of people and 71% of its users are aged between 15 and 44. Vodafone realised that most people wanted a non-contractual mobile service and so released the UKs first Pay As You Talk billing structure. This is where you purchase a telephone for a one off price and then top up your calling credit with vouchers which can be purchased from many UK High Street Outlets. The latest variation of pre-pay package if called Pay as You Talk Allcalls. Vodafone want to concentrate more on the leisure market in recent years and by launching exciting new services such as Pay as you Talk and Pre-Pay, they will attract a wider-range of customers. Vodafone have realised that services such as Pay as you Talk and PrePay, may not be convenient to users such as the Self Employed and users with a heavier phone usage. With this in mind, Vodafone claim to have the lowest network contract tariff at just ÂÂ £9.99. With these services combined, they can attract most of the leisure market as they have a service tariff, which suits most needs. Cultural Dicersity/ With References EssayCompetitive Advantage Even though Orange are the youngest mobile communications company, they have been able to keep up with strong competition by offering to match any tariff which another network provider is offering. They also have a very strong advantage with Customer Service satisfaction with Which Magazine and OFTEL voting them the highest customer service and performance with their service. Promotion As with the other mobile network suppliers, Orange advertises on prime-time television and is involved just as heavily on the price war on pre-pay and pay-as-you-go services. Orange also sponser the BAFTA awards which gives them huge promotion. They also have a over 160 outlets in the UK. Target Customers They are heavily promoting their student packages, and have sponsored many universities social events. A great deal of Oranges subscribers is of a younger age. Nearly 70% of them are on a pre-pay or pay-as-you go billing structure and they see this as a great opportunity market. Equally, they promote their business tariffs and contractual billing agreements, but advertisement campaigns and promotions are showing they are gearing towards the young, leisure market. ONE2ONE One 2 One Current Positioning One2One has been wholly owned since October 1999 by Deutsche Telekom who are a German telecommunications group, who bought the company for ÂÂ £8.4 billion. One2One was originally owned by a joint venture between Cable and Wireless and the American group, MediaOne. One2One were the first UKs first all-digital network and was launched as Mercury One2One and then the Mercury name was dropped in 1996 and re-branded as One2One. The company was the first to launch the all-digital pre-pay tariff in 1997 called Its Up2You package. Current slogan: Connecting People. Competitive Advantage The have heavily promoted their pre-pay mobile tariffs and are the only company to offer a standard tariff whereby there is non distinction between off-peak and peak calls. One2One mainly dominate the London area, but only cover 98% of the country. However, they were the first and only company to offer limitless local land-line calls every night after 6.00pm and all day at the weekend. Target Customers One2One are still targeting the less affluent population in the London area as their service does not cover the whole country. They offer some business tariffs but they are not as competitive as Vodafones or BT Cellnets. Along with Orange, they are targeting the leisure market and see this as the most profitable. Promotion One2One competes heavily along with the other mobile communications giants on prime time television. They retail within their own branches, via the internet and through retailer like The Car Phone Warehouse.

How Did Race, Class and Gender Interact in 17th Century Virginia Essay Sample free essay sample

Race. category and gender interacted in seventeenth Century Virginia in several of import ways which include the English altering the slave system that was non based on race into one that was. population of free inkinesss were besides purely controlled which resulted in their slave position as being inevitable and they created the perceptual experience that maleness and muliebrity merely existed among white work forces and adult females. The first jurisprudence to know apart inkinesss from the Europeans was created in 1640 where all inkinesss except freeholders were banned from bearing weaponries. Not being able to bear weaponries meant that in no manner were the black able to contend against their unjust intervention. The black apprenticed retainers were besides treated below the belt when it came to penalties. This can be seen with the instance of John Punch. He and two other white retainers tried to get away to Maryland but ended up being caught. We will write a custom essay sample on How Did Race, Class and Gender Interact in 17th Century Virginia Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The two white retainers merely had to function 3 excess old ages while John Punch was sentenced to function for life. ( Film Slavery and the Making of America ) To force racial bondage farther. a jurisprudence was implemented that banned nonwhites from buying Whites. This ensured that Whites could neer be retainers under inkinesss ; inkinesss were ever of a lower category to Whites. Bacon’s Rebellion in 1676 was another instance where we see unjust penalty being handed out to the inkinesss. When Nathaniel Bacon died all of a sudden. the enslaved had no where to travel and were captured by the new ground forces England had sent. The leader of the ground forces said that those Whites that surrendered would acquire a few excess old ages of service but inkinesss that surrendered got service for life alternatively of decease. ( C. D. ) More unfairness followed with the act in 1687. â€Å"Speedy Prosecution of the Negros and Other Slaves. † This jurisprudence saw differences in how the black and white that committed capital offenses were prosecuted. Blacks were prosecuted in the county they committed the offense whereas White persons were sent to the capital for test. The Slave Code in 1705 besides stated that Blacks were non allowed to keep office. â€Å"the codification forbade nonwhite people from keeping any ecclesiastical. civil or military office. regardless of position. therefore denying them any significant function in the settlement. † ( The Laws of Sla very. Pg. 121 ) The status of the female parent jurisprudence that was passed in 1662 by the house of Anthony burgesss at first seemed matrilinear but in fact wasn’t. The jurisprudence was to let the great plantation owners to asseverate authorization over the kid of the enslaved adult females in other words leting the proprietor to do the kid his slave. The jurisprudence besides stated any kid born after 1662 was bound to slavery. Earlier in 1658. the male parent of the kid had the option of counterbalancing the employer for maintaining the kid. ( C. D. ) This new jurisprudence meant that slave owners could ravish their slaves to do more slaves for them in the hereafter. The crossbreeding jurisprudence in 1662 on the other manus fined white adult females for kiping with black work forces because the kid that came out of a white adult females was free from bondage. The English thought that a relationship between a free white adult females and an enslaved black work forces was â€Å"implicitly most unsafe to the societal order and endangering to patriarchal authorization. belongings and security of labour. † ( The Laws of Slavery. pg. 116 ) Blacks slaves that were freed by manumission were to be transported out of the settlement within six moths. this is another manner the governments controlled the population of free inkinesss in Virginia. In 1705. Robert Beverley’s missive provinces that by the jurisprudence of the state. upon freedom â€Å"each slave has so besides the right to take up 50 estates of land where he can happen any unpatented. † Although when inkinesss were freed they were asked to go forth the settlement because they didn’t want the population of free inkinesss to increase in the settlement. The scarceness of white adult females in the settlement encouraged the assembly to suppress the usage of white adult females on the field. This made white adult females dependants because they did non work. In add-on to that. their gender was controlled by censoring them from kiping with black work forces. This made white adult females seem more feminine compared to black adult females. The Virginia revenue enhancement jurisprudence in 1643 besides taxed all black work forces and adult females but exempted white adult females because. â€Å"according to English usage. they were considered family dependants. † ( The Laws of Slavery. pg. 119 ) Even free white adult females were tithed as labourers. This non merely made black households suffer from economic desolation but it besides ensured that inkinesss were ever seen as labourers while white work forces and adult females were seen to be more masculine and feminine. Clearly. unjust penalties catered towards the inkinesss created a sense that whites were a superior race compared to inkinesss which lead to racial bondage. In add-on. the Torahs implemented to guarantee inkinesss were ever slaves and could neer roll up belongings manifested a sense of category among inkinesss and Whites in Virginia. Finally the unjust taxing of black adult females and non white adult females together with the limitation of white female workers to work on Fieldss created a sense of gender high quality among Whites.

Crime and Violence essays

Crime and Violence essays Crime and Violence in television has been an issue since the beginning of popular media. Many people think that a lot of Crime and Violence go hand in hand with shows and movies seen on television. The section of the paper will discuss TV violence and how it effects young viewers. American children watch an average of three to fours hours of television daily. Television can be a powerful influence in developing value systems and shaping behavior. Unfortunately, much of today's television programming is violent. Hundreds of studies of the effects of TV violence on children and teenagers have found that children may: Become "immune" to the horror of violence; Gradually accept violence as a way to solve problems; Imitate the violence they observe on television; and Identify with certain characters, victims and/or victimizers Children follow what they see done. If they see something done on TV portrayed in a good light, or at least in a way that is not very detrimental, then they feel like it may be a good thing. If they respect the person or people in what they see, then they would want to emulate them. This can be good, if children are not barraged with violent act after violent act. According to an American Psychological Association task force report on television and American society (Huston, et al., 1992), by the time the average child leaves elementary school, he or she will have witnessed at least 8,000 murders and more than 100,000 other assorted acts of violence on television. Studies have been done to show that children that watch violent shows are more likely to behave violent in their adult life than without violent shows. Children that watch these shows are unable to distinguish right from wrong in real life when comparing it to a world where the rules of real life do not fully apply. The differences between the real and the fictional are hard for a young child to see, ...

Communication Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Communication - Annotated Bibliography Example Barret and Davidson (2006, p.38) have also observed that gendered thinking has to replace male paradigms of interpersonal communication. Suggesting that language is also a tool for the oppression of women in almost all native cultures, Longmire and Merrill (2001,p.1 ) have said that â€Å"our native language depicts the normative, the generic, as ‘male,’ women are necessarily defined as ‘other.† For example, when one uses the word, ‘mankind’, â€Å"man is to mean all people, both male and female† (Longmire and Merrill, 2001, p.1). And also, it has been concluded that non-verbal communication constitutes almost seventy percent of any interpersonal communication (Hartley, 1993, p.164). And it is often found that in an interpersonal communication between two people of different gender, the possibility of sexually loaded non-verbal communication to happen even in contradiction with the verbal message that is imparted, is far more ( Fulham, 1995). This leads to misunderstandings. Another interesting aspect of the impact of gender in interpersonal communication is that men â€Å"tend to interrupt, take long, sole-speaker turns, and use direct forms while women tend to use indirect or modalizing strategies, use inclusive communication techniques and encourage collaborative turns and floors (Barret and Davidson, 2006,

United Arab Emirates Law and How It Bacame United Essay

United Arab Emirates Law and How It Bacame United - Essay Example in the history of this strategic region, which later on flourished through the rearing of camels at the latter stages of the second millennium BC (Adias-uae.com). Additionally, at the beginning of the 1st century AD, overland caravan traffic begun between Syria and Southern Iraq cities. Furthermore, the existence of water prone transport to the important port of Omana, which is presently referred to as Umm al-Qaiwain, which later on ended up to India, came up. These routes played integral roles to the region since they were alternative transport zones to the Red Sea, which was mostly used by the Romans (UAE Interact). During the mid 19th Century, the United Arab Emirates economy was varied as a result of different population living in different areas and possessed different resources. Several industries came up in the UAE, including pearl fishing, dates, trade, fishing, handicraft and grazing. At this particular instance, the Bedouins and the fishermen enjoyed a simplistic type of li fe. The preceding years saw an important evolution in Abu Dhabi and Dubai due to pearl fishing and trade (Noack, 2007). The discovery of oil in Abu Dhabi in 1962 saw major transformation in the UAE. The oil boosted the economy of the UAE which ultimately made the Trucial States to gain political and national power, thus imposing adverse pressure on Britain, forcing it to withdraw from the region by 1968. This significant freedom made the rulers of the Emirates to hold a round table meeting and agree to form a union known as the United Arab Emirates in July 1971. The United Arab Emirates was formally established in on 2nd December 1971. Initially, the union was composed of six emirates of Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman Umm al-Quwain and Fujairah. Amazingly, Ras al-Khaimah joined the union... United Arab Emirates Law and How It Bacame United Though each emirate is governed by a hereditary emir, the seven emirates are governed by a single national president. The seven emirates are; Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Fujairah, Umm al-Quwain and Ras al-Khaimah. Abu Dhabi serves as the capital as well as being the state’s center of political, industrial and cultural activities. In 1971, prior to independence, the United Arab Emirates was referred to as the Trucial States or Trucial Oman. This was in reference to the truce entered between the local sheikhs, hereditary rulers and the United Kingdom in the 19th century. This paper is going to highlight the United Arab Emirates Law and how the seven principle emirates became united and formed a union called United Arab Emirates. United Arab Emirates History and Formation Sascha Noack asserts that archaeological evidence has some reasonable proof that there were settlements from as early as 4000BC. However, a population of high culture developed around 2500BC. Historical in dications suggest that the population has a major composition of Bedouins and fishermen. Prior to 1820 before the conclusion of a contract between the Great Britain and the Sheikhdoms of Abu Dhabi, Sharja, Dubai, Ajman, Fujairah, Umm al-Quwain and Ras al-Khaimah, the area was commonly referred to as Pirate Coast. while the UAE has a federal system of government, each emirate has its own ruler, has some degree of autonomy and can make its own laws, so long as they comply with the federal law.

Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Education - Essay Example Throughout the lesson Lila approaches the teacher to ask for clarification of certain steps of the task. From my classroom observations I notice that Lila has a certain motivation for learning, she is keen to learn and the teacher fosters an environment where Lila feels comfortable. Huitt (1999) claims, dyslexic students require constant repetition in order to learn words and sentence structure. Lila has demonstrated a skill in memorising words and facts rather than understanding or sounding out words. This was apparent when the teacher asked Lila to repeat the sights words and he repeated them without looking at them and in the order they were written on the board, obviously she has memorized them in order to do this. However, Lila tends to lose concentration easily as well; even though she is motivated in the task she tends to lose concentration and give up after attempting the task a few times. Her failed attempt at the task overrides her curiosity to learn. Lila enjoys creative a rts lessons where she is able to explore her creative ability, especially music lessons which unfortunately the teacher finds difficult to incorporate on a regular basis. However, the teacher allows Lila to play independently on a keyboard, on a regular basis, in order to keep her motivated and passionate throughout the year. During visual arts lessons Lila creates artwork with lots of patterns and similarities, for example during a lesson where students were learning about patterns, the teacher had Lila paint the patterns in order to demonstrate her understanding, and he created amazing pieces of work which demonstrates understanding beyond the Stage 1 level. Due to Lila’s dyslexia he is reading at an early stage 1 level and requires help with tasks that involve a large amount of reading. The teacher modifies tasks for Lila in order to ensure she builds upon her existing skills rather than providing work beyond her understanding. For instance: during a lesson on writing info rmation reports the teacher had a sample information report printed on paper, cut out and jumbled up. Instead of writing Lila was expected to identify the features of an information report and put the sentences in an appropriate order. After which Lila glued the sentences in her English workbook. During this task Lila demanded less attention than normal from the teacher, as she wasn’t struggling to write, rather she was aiming to learn and understand. This is a great activity as it takes Lila’s mind away from writing and allows her to concentrate on putting the sentences in chronological order. Huitt (1999) believes that repetition is the key to dyslexic students suffering from sequence problems. Lila is very vocal and assertive at times in the classroom. She prefers to work independently as she feels that her peers thinking are not of her liking. During group work Lila raises her voice and quarrels with her peers on the logistics of the task, she feels that her way is superior and expects her peers to follow. At times Lila’s creativity and intellectual abilities are beyond the task, therefore she find group work boring and irrelevant during these times. There are also instances where Lila is not concerned with

Ethical behaviour in business

Ethical behaviour in business Ethics generally means motivation for group of people or community for ideas.   Attributes like honesty, trust, responsibility and your behaviour towards other people. (http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_ethical_behaviour , 2010). Ethical behaviour is very useful in all platforms of life and work. In our life it is helpful in all different relationships like manager and employee, employee and client or even in personal life relationships like father and son, Student and teacher. The use of ethical behaviour always pays us in long run. Ethics are a set of principles on which our life runs. Without ethics our life is worthless as we dont know what we are doing. Initially we learn ethics from our parents, teacher and society where we live. Ethical principles of ones life define their personality and values of life. It is a stepping stone of the success. A person cannot become successful in their life without having good ethical behaviour as your ethic reflects on other people. For example good for good and bad for bad. In this global world we deal with people from different places with different set of ethical behaviour considering their religious and cultural behaviour. While dealing with people from different culture and religion we need know their ethics so that we dont hurt them in anyway. In addition to this, positive approach is also a main concept in Ethical behaviour. It helps you to set aims and targets in your life. On other side negative ethical approach results in conflicts, loss and failure. A good example is Adolf Hitler whose negative ethical behaviour affects thousands of people. Benefits of Ethical behaviour are as follows:- The first thing is that it can grow a business to great heights. This is because doing what you should do will develop a discipline which will boost your work practices to a high level and set a high standard. It has been seen to promote teamwork among workers. This is because there is great respect placed in fundamental issues in the work place. It also builds confidence which will translate to trust among workers. Trust in your career is one invaluable attribute that is able to pave way to progress and great success. A positive ethical behaviour helps to influence others. Ethical business practices include assuring that the highest legal and moral standards are observed in your relationships with the people in your business community. This includes the most important person in business, customer. Short term profit at the cost of losing a customer is long term death for your business. A reputation for ethical decisions builds trust in your business among business associates and suppliers. Strong supplier relationships are critical to a successful business. Consider the problems you might have if you could not supply what the customer needsat the time that they need it. (http://www.entre-ed.org/_teach/ethics.htm) The imperatives of day-to-day organizational performance are so compelling that there is little time or inclination to divert attention to the moral content of organizational decision-making. Morality appears to be so esoteric and qualitative in nature that it lacks substantive relation to objective and quantitative performance. Besides, understanding the meaning of ethics and morality requires the distasteful reworking of long-forgotten classroom studies. What could Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle teach us about the world that confronts organizations approaching the twenty-first century? Possibly a gap in philosophical knowledge exists between organizational executives and administrators of different generations. Yet, like it or not, there has and will continue to be a surge of interest in ethics. The word ethics is often in the news these days. Ethics is a philosophical term derived from the Greek word ethos meaning character or custom. This definition is germane to effective leadership in organizations in that it connotes an organization code conveying moral integrity and consistent values in service to the public. Certain organizations will commit themselves to a philosophy in a formal pronouncement of a Code of Ethics or Standards of Conduct. Having done so, the recorded idealism is distributed or shelved, and all too often that is that. Other organizations, however, will be concerned with aspects of ethics of greater specificity, usefulness, and consistency. (http://construct.haifa.ac.il/~danielp/soc/sims.htm) A good example of ethical behaviour is Hindu ethics. Hindu ethics is mainly subjective or personal, its purpose being to eliminate such mental impurities as greed and egoism, for the ultimate achievement of the highest good. One cannot achieve good ethical behaviour if you have greed and ego in you for others. Hindu ethics defines the humans position in society regarding other people and social welfare. Objectives of Hindu ethics is to help the members of society to rid themselves of self-centredness, cruelty, greed, and other vices, and thus to create an environment helpful to the pursuit of the highest good, which transcends society. Hinduism further speaks of certain universal ethical principles which apply to all human beings irrespective of their position in society or stage in life.( http://www.hinduism.co.za/ethics.htm ) Another example of ethical behaviour is from my practical experience. There are high ethics I have seen at my work place. Ethical behaviour and its effects on other staff members have been considered very seriously. On the team member notice board there is a special corner on which ethical behaviour at work place has been written which is for everyone from high post to entry level. The ethical behaviour is defined very closely to the companys values and culture. The entire employees have given a right to speak if unethical decisions such as cheat, steal etc, have happened at work. Conclusion:- Yes i believe that the use of ethical behaviour will pay off in long run plays a vital role in our life. If a person has a good ethical values he will always be remembered by his colleagues or friends or society. ETHICAL BEHAVIOUR IN BUSINESS WORLD : 2) In business ethics plays a vital role. For success of organization we need to develop a set of values and define the ethical behaviour at workplace. It is very difficult to define ethical behaviour at work place as hardly two people has same set of ethical values but in organization they have to follow values which suites everyone. As we all know that in todays competitive business environment ethical behaviour is must to follow to gain healthy profit and to make a growth for the company or organisation. Ethics work on different proportion in business world. For example: financial sector and sales sector, property sector and etc.of the company or organization. Ethical behaviour works on two paths, good ethical behaviour helps in the progress of the company but unethical behaviour becomes a disaster for the company. Whereas unethical behaviour for the company lead to decrease in the output of the company or organization. It also results in the bankruptcy, loss of customers and decline in production. Ethical leadership is a leadership that is involved in leading in a manner that respects the rights and dignity of others As leaders are by nature in a position of social power, ethical leadership focuses on how leaders use their social power in the decisions they make, actions they engage in and ways they influence others. Leaders who are ethical demonstrate a level of integrity that is important for stimulating a sense of leader trustworthiness, which is important for followers to accept the vision of the leader. These are critical and direct components to leading ethically. The character and integrity of the leader provide the basis for personal characteristics that direct a leaders ethical beliefs, values, and decisions. Individual values and beliefs impact the ethical decisions of leaders. Leaders who are ethical are people-oriented,and also aware of how their decisions impact others, and use their social power to serve the greater good instead of self-serving interests. In ethical leadership it is important for the leader to consider how his or her decisions impact others Ethical leaders prove as boon for the company or an organization as they can lead easily their co-workers and employees because ethical leaders easily deal with different people from different cultures. Ethical leaders works on the principles on the profit of the company. For good organization leader should tell their employees about their performance updates and such values like teamwork, ambition, honesty, efficiency, quality, accomplishment, and dedication. Traditionally, the view of leadership has been that the main goal of leaders is to increase production and profits. The traditional view of leadership is slowly diminishing, as more theorists are asserting that leaders also have the responsibility for ensuring standards of moral and ethical conduct. Good leadership refers not only to competence, but to ethics and transforming people as well. Ethical leaders play an important role in society because they are motivating other people, they are giving a direction to other people to do that work or task like they are telling. They are creating a path for those people those influence from them. you can take a example of Mahatma Gandhi. He will always be remembered by his ethical behaviour as always stood for the good and always thinks about the goodwill of the people and not for himself only. Non-violence is the major thing that people follow from him. Ethics is a body of principles or standards of human conduct that govern the behaviour of individuals and groups. While ethical behaviour is based on a set of values and principles, ethical behaviour goes beyond mere belief; it also encompasses actions of individuals, groups and organizations. For there to be ethical behaviour in an organization, leaders must not only state a belief in a set of actions, their actions as a leader must be in alignment with those values and beliefs. The leader must work to establish clear business practices within the organization that reward and promote positive ethical behaviour and promote the reasoning and consequences of ethics as strongly as they promote business results. In time all individuals and teams must be able to follow the ethical decision-making process involving; moral awareness (recognizing the existence of an ethical dilemma), moral judgment (deciding whats right), and ethical behaviour (taking action to do the right thing) .They can only do this if an organizational culture has been developed that clearly defines its values and supports actions in alignment with those values. Because individuals may have different values and cognitive ability that influences their ability to recognize and act ethically, leaders must ensure that training, rewards, recognition and consequences are clearly defined in the organization in order to help individuals act accordingly.( http://businesstraining.com/resources/promoted-ethical-behaviour-in-modern-world/)

Boeing 700 :: Essays Papers

Boeing 700 The Boeing 700’s are very capable of handling duties in the commercial and military world. The Boeing 700’s are capable of handling many tasks in the commercial and military world. With the introduction of the 707 in the late fifties to the most recent 777 in the early nineties the, 700’s have dominated the commercial world for five decades. They are a line of aircraft that are capable of handling many roles from basic civilian transport to various military needs. They are the people movers of the 20th century. Each with a large carrying capacity combined with the range of a jet aircraft they have moved more people longer distances than what was once thought possible. Boeing has truly produced some of the greatest aircraft in history. The various duties that the 700’s perform are quite extraordinary. It all started in the fifties. There was a growing demand for a commercial airliner that could move a greater number of people farther and faster. The age of the jet engine still had not reached to civilian transportation. There was still a fear of the jet because of lack of reliability, but with the advancement of technology the jet engine now had become more even reliable than the piston engine. The need for a jet engine powered plane was growing. Airlines still were looking for a plane that could cross the Atlantic Ocean without a refueling stop. The Lockheed Super Connies, a piston powered plane, were able to cross the Atlantic Ocean with out stopping on the eastbound leg, but they had to stop in Gander, Newfoundland to refuel on the westbound leg. The airlines desired a plane that could easily travel the Atlantic with out a stop. The piston engine just wasn’t going to do it, the jet engine was the answer to the question. Boeing realized this and moved to look for a design for a jet powered plane. At first Boeing was looking to modify existing aircraft with jet engines to perform the tasks. They quickly realized that they needed a whole new aircraft. The Boeing 707 was born. The first Boeing 707 was delivered to Pan America airlines in May of 1958 (Bauer, 218). Sales started out slow in fact the 707 almost died many times in it’s first couple years of existence.

Critical Paper A Rose for Emily

In the story of â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, a kind of point of view that is used was first point of view of multiple characters where the narrator is one of the characters in the story. The multiple characters narrate the actions of a group of characters while never referring to a â€Å"me† and only to a â€Å"we† of the group. It was evident that the narrator was one of the townspeople who were very objective in presenting the facts of the story. He told us about what the townspeople think of Miss Emily but he didn’t judge her. He clearly presented a reality, not an illusion in which Miss Emily was the one who’s really struggling with the concept of reality vs. illusion and also living one way while hiding a terrible secret (reality vs. appearance). One of the main themes of the story is that people should let go of their past, moving on with the present so that they can prepare to welcome their future. Emily was the proof of a person who always lived on the shadow of the past because she was afraid of changing. She did not accept the passage of time throughout all her life, keeping everything she loved in the past with her. The first evident was about the description of Grierson’s house which was still remained like a symbol of seventieth century while the society was changing every minute. The second evident was the event that Miss Emily declined to pay taxes because in her mind, her family was powerful and they didn't have to pay any taxes in the town of Jefferson and the third was the fact that Miss Emily had kept her father’s death body inside the house and didn’t allow burying him. And last evident which was also the most interesting of this story, the discovery of Homer Barron's skeleton in the secret room which can be understood that Miss Emily was afraid that he would leave her and she decided to kill him because she was afraid of losing him. Another theme of the story is that not all things, people, and events are always what they appears to be, which was associated and expressed many times throughout the story. The townspeople viewed Miss Emily as a strange old woman. Not until after her death when the men opened the secret room and found the corpse of Homer Barron, did the citizens and the reader realized that Miss Emily had gone insane.

Fear essay Essays

Fear essay Essays Fear essay Paper Fear essay Paper For me, not going In to the dark helps me. What If something Is actually there walling for you? Just like the movies, you see all types of monsters. What If something evil was In the dark? But then you chose not to go there. Just being afraid of the dark can help you so, what Im about to tell you will make you think twice before going or being In a dark room. Three events that happened to me, that made me realize that Im afraid of the dark were when I saw someone evil In my room, then when I was watching a movie In my cousins house, and while I was playing hide and seek with my cousin James. One of the events that occurred to me that made me hate the dark was when I was about 1 1 ear old. I woke up in the middle of the night. As soon as I opened my eyes, I saw a strange man standing at the foot of my bed. I couldnt see his face, he just stood there and stared at me. I could tell he wasnt my dad because he was a lot taller and bigger. I didnt know who he was or what he was doing there. I was completely paralyzed with fear. I just lied there, couldnt move or scream. He stood there for what seemed like forever then I closed my eyes for like one second. : As soon as I opened my eyes, he Just disappeared in the dark then, I reached quickly for the switch to put the light on. I turned the light on but nobody was there. I heard footsteps in the hall. I didnt see where he went after that. I was too terrified to make any noise afraid that he would come back so I Just stayed in my bed and lied with my eyes opened the rest of the night. The next morning, I tried to tell my parents. They checked for any signs of a break in but there was none. All the doors and windows were still locked from the inside, and no windows were broken. Then my parents told me I must have imagined the whole thing, but I know what I saw. I developed an extreme phobia of the dark because of this. I dont sleep in the dark and always have to turn the light on before I go into a room. I couldnt stand to be In the dark during those days. One Saturday night, I had to stay over at my cousins house; we were playing video games and watching TV all night. It was so late at night, when he got tired of playing video games and went upstairs to his room to sleep. I was downstairs all by myself in the living room; It was dark and cold. I was watching a TV show, called Supernatural. It was about demons, evil things; It was scary. Then, I switched It up to a movie named Paranormal Activity It was even scarier. I was all alone In the living room, laying on the couch, and I suddenly felt Like someone was standing behind me, and I quickly turned over to check. I looked, and I saw a shadow Just that vanished Into the dark Just Like a flash, I thought my eyes was playing tricks on me. I believed I saw a shadow, so, I wipe my face and looked at the same direction and tenet was no season or anything suspicious. Tater Tanat, I went Dock to my movie, Duty I was still nervous, my palms were sweating and I was shacking. Then, I started having all this weird feelings, and I didnt know what to do. I can feel a spirit present ND me laying on the couch, I felt like someone was breathing over my neck. I couldnt move. I quickly covered myself with my blanket, and I was literally shacking with fear. I Just laid there with no movement for almost 10 to 15 minute. I took off my blanket slowly checking if anyone was there, but no one was there when I checked. Then I saw my cousin coming down the stairs to eat his food. I Just immediately got up and went straight to bed. The other event that occurred to me was when I was about 13 years old. My cousin James and l, were playing hide and seek. So, I went down to the unfinished basement to hide from James. As much as I dislike going into the dark, I thought little of it at the time. I went down approaching as carefully as I ever have. I descended down the stairs slowly into the darkness, and felt my way with only a bare minimum of light coming from the upper floor. I went down for a second, then I realize that I didnt want to stay down there. As soon as I hit the stairs, I had a faint voice like a whisper in the breeze and then suddenly, an old lamp flashed which we discarded in the basement. It suddenly lit up for no more than two seconds and fizzed out once more. Chills had gone up my spine and Goosebumps ran across both my arms. This very lamp that had lit up was discarded here, because the cable had been severed and could not be plugged into an outlet any longer. I ran upstairs as fast as I could, never letting go of the feeling that there was something attempting to grab me from behind. Now, Im twenty years old, so I am not really scared of the dark anymore. I have overcome my fear, I think now that I am older, I am not afraid to go into the dark, because I know I can protect myself. Im not as scared as I used to be. As of today, Im sleeping with my light off. So these are the stories of how I developed my fear and how the feeling started vanishing as I grew up.

Wal

Wal Wal-Mart Retention and Promotion Essay Promotion and Retention Wal-Mart follows three basic beliefs: Respect for the individual, Service to our customer and Striving for excellence. Service to our customers means, from every associate from the CEO to our hourly associate in local stores, are reminded daily that our customers are why we are here. The goal is to provide the greatest possible level of service to everyone we come in contact with. Service to our customer means making the customer our first priority, supporting the associate so they can best serve the customer and also giving to the local community in ways that connect to the customer. Respect for the individual has been a priority for every associate, customer and member of the community since the very first store opened. This is done by valuing and recognizing the contributions of every associate. We own what we do with a sense of urgency, and empower each other to do the same and communicate by listening to all associates and sharing ideals and information. Finally the k ey to success is constantly looking for ways to improve ourselves and our business. We strive to lead not just our industry, but also each other to the next level of success. We innovate by trying new ways of doing things and improving every day. We model a positive example as we pursue high expectations and work as a team by helping each other and asking for help. Along those three steps, they also have principles that help associates make the right decisions, and to act with integrity. Those principles are to always act and lead with integrity, and expect others to do the same. Follow the law at all times and be honest and fair. Reveal and report information truthfully, without manipulation or misrepresentation. Work, actions, and relationships outside your position with the company should be free of any conflicts of interest. Respect and encourage diversity, and never discriminate against anyone. Also promptly report suspected violations of the Statement of Ethics. To work at Wal-Mart you must have counting and math skills and communication and basic writing and reading. May be required to lift, carry, and place items weighing up to fifty pounds. You can be at a minimum 16 to work at Wal-Mart but, in order to run a register that sales tobacco 18 and in order to sale alcohol 19. There

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

History - Essay Example When industrialization came, machines replaced small weavers, farmers left their lands because of obtrusive laws, and many families had to work at factories and had to live in the cities. Life in the cities meant higher living expenses, working longer hours and extremely stretching of expenses. Wife and children had to work for eighteen hours and the only time family came together was to sleep. They had no choice but to live together in one housing unit with other families to save on costs. Thus life of family at the start of industrial revolution was unbearable because working families often lived in slum areas with unsanitary conditions. Children received little education, often sickly, and suffered stunted growth. Mortality rate was great with 50% of children dying before reaching age two. Another significant consequence was inequality in groups because women and children were paid less and were required to work more hours. Factory owners were happy to employ children because they could manipulate children easier than adults, often thru beatings. Children as young as eight years old were sent to textile manufacturing, coals and mines. Workers during this time were locked up in a system where they had no control. B. Discuss the relationship between the Industrial Revolution and the development of capitalism.

British Campaign of 1812 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

British Campaign of 1812 - Essay Example The war of 1812 between the U.S. and British Empire (Great Britain, Upper Canada- Ontario, Lower Canada-Quebec, Nova Scotia, Newfound land, and Bermuda) has started in June 18, 1812 and ended in December 24, 1814 officially though the unofficial records shown that the war ended only in March 23, 1815. On 19 August, a British force landed at the mouth of the Patuxent River. By 24 August they had marched north and captured Washington, almost without a fight. The British sat down at a captured White House banquet and, after a pleasant dinner, set fire to the White House and much of the city in retaliation for the American burning of a number of small villages in Upper Canada, contrary to an earlier agreement. On the morning of 13 September, British warships began the bombardment of Fort McHenry. The Bombardment failed to shake the defenders of Fort McHenry. The British completed their withdrawal on 15 September1. Baltimore was next on the schedule, but that city had been given time to prepare its defenses. A rather formidable line of redoubts covered the land approach; the harbor was guarded by Fort McHenry and blocked by a line of sunken gunboats. On September 13 a spirited engagement fought by Maryland militia, many of whom had run at Bladensburg just two weeks before, delayed the invaders and caused considerable loss, including General Ross, who was killed. When the fleet failed to reduce Fort McHenry, the assault on the city was called off. The burning of Washington marked a turning point in the war. The image of their capital in flames had the effect of rallying Americans to a spirited defense of their country, and the British were soon turned back in their attempts to capture the city of Baltimore. America won a great victory in their defense of Fort McHenry–the battle which was the inspiration to onlooker Francis Scott Keys poem, "The Star Spangled Banner," which would become t he lyrics to Americas National Anthem. The British attacks in

Annotated Bibliography and Structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Annotated Bibliography and Structure - Essay Example This is especially from the childhood where boys appear to be rougher than their counterpart female gender. The source will be essential due to its comprehensive and progressive content regarding modern masculinity. Murray, D. (2002). Masculinity and Self-Identity in Elite Triathlon, Body- Building and Surf Lifesaving. In D. Hemphill & C. Symons (Ed.), Gender, Sexuality & Sport: A Dangerous Mix (pp. 39). Petersham: Walla Walla Press. Murray’s argument in this chapter entails men’s masculinity examined from three choice levels in Australian sports. These include triathlon, muscle building and surf-lifesaving coupled with interviews meant to ascertain peoples’ core motives that prompt them to participate in sports. The source will be crucial in expounding the issue of masculinity among the sportsmen, and their fans’ perspectives who prefer well-built bodies as a sign of manly prowess. In addition, Murray has revealed many categories’ fancies about mus cular bodies especially the female gender that comprises the spectators’ sizeable number. Hence, unveiling how people view masculinity from a social context. Palmer-Mehta, V. (2009). Men Behaving Badly: Mediocre Masculinity and The Man Show. Journal Of Popular Culture, 42(6), 1053-1072. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5931.2009.00722.x Palmer-Mehta highlights how â€Å"The Man Show† reveals US’ masculinity mediocrity among heterosexual white men. The discussion’s focus is on the men’s insubordinate behavior influenced by fears and desires, which erode U.S society’s masculinity power besides rendering them to be of questionable caliber. Hence, revealing white men’s weakness despite claiming their rightful position in the American society. The source will be helpful in backing argument regarding how masculinity mediocrity has crept in the contemporary world regardless of states’ development status. Bowleg, L., Teti, M., Massie, J. S., Patel, A., Malebranche, D. J., & Tschann, J. M. (2011). 'What does it take to be a man? What is a real man?': ideologies of masculinity and HIV sexual risk among Black heterosexual men. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 13(5), 545-559. doi:10.1080/13691058.2011.556201 The article highlights the aspect of masculinity using sexual prowess especially among the black men. Since, according to diverse traditional ideologies held by numerous people black men do posses immense sexual vitality than other races. This prompts other people to deem black men cannot turn down any sexual offer from the women especially among the college students; hence, they are able to have sex with many women concurrently. Therefore, black men do not have any justifiable reason to embrace homosexuality because of their sexual vitality. This article will be essential in asserting masculinity from the men’s sexual prowess, which has made many find solace in using Viagra. MensLine Australia. (2012). When you think you'r e alone, I'm here. Retrieved on 27Th November 2012 from MensLine is an Australian website whose focus entails offering diverse services to the men besides ensuring their wellbeing. The services range from personal to political besides other manly areas, for instance sports. MensLine also acts as an information site whereby men can equip themselves with varied

Defining Moments in Canada Essay Example for Free

Defining Moments in Canada Essay Defining Moments in Canadian History During the 20th century, there were many events and situations that helped define the country of Canada. There were positive moments, but also a good amount of negative ones. Of course, the successful events kept Canadians in a positive light, but the negative situations helped Canada learn from its mistakes and went to prove how strong and brave its citizens were/are. The three most defining moments would have to be the Dieppe Raid, the Invasion of Normandy, and the Battle of Vimy Ridge. These three events not only assisted the country to become what it has today, but has also defined what the nation has become. The first defining moment of the 20th century was the Battle of Vimy Ridge. This particular battle was a military engagement located in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France during World War I. The main fighters were Canadian Corps against the German army. The battle took place from April 9 to 12, 1917. This was the beginning stage for the Battle of Arras, led by the British. The Canadian Corps was ordered to seize Vimy Ridge in April 1917. Situated in northern France, the heavily-fortified seven-kilometre ridge held a commanding view over the Allied lines. The Canadians would be assaulting over an open graveyard since previous French attacks had failed with over 100,000 casualties. (Cook) Main objectives were to take control over German-held high ground along an extensive escarpment. Doing so would allow the southern flank to advance without having to be heavily worried about enemy fire. With support from a nearby barrage, Canadians were able to capture most of the ridge within the first day of attack. The town of Thelus fell the second day, as did the crest of the ridge. The final objective was to capture another ridge located outside the town of Givenchy-en-Gohelle, which fell to the Canadian Corps on April 12. After that incident, the German forces had no choice but to retreat. This quick battle was successful due to a mix of tactical and technical innovation, powerful artillery support, extensive training, and thought-out planning. This event is a defining moment for Canada because it was the first time that all four sectors of the Canadian Expeditionary Force participated in a battle as a whole, therefore becoming a Canadian Nationalistic symbol of sacrifice and great achievement. The Canadian success at Vimy demonstrated that no position was invulnerable to a meticulously planned and conducted assault. This success had a profound effect on Allied planning. Though the victory at Vimy came swiftly, it did not come without cost. There were 3,598 dead out of 10,602 Canadian casualties. After Vimy, the Canadian Corps went from one success to another, to be crowned by their achievements in the 1918 advance to victory. This record won for Canada a separate signature on the Versailles Peace Treaty ending the War.(Battle of Vimy Ridge) The second definitive moment of the 20th century was the Dieppe Raid. This event was a World War II attack on the German occupied port of Dieppe on August 19,1942. The raid took place on the northern coast of France, and began around 5 am. Allied commanders were forced to call a retreat, a mere 6 hours later. Objectives included seizing and holding a major port to prove that it was possible and also to gather information. Allies also pl anned on destroying coastal defences, port structures, and all strategic buildings. The allied countries knew that they would eventually have to attack, so they figured they needed the practice. Another goal was to take some of Hitlers attention off of trying to invade Russia. The plan was to use 5000 Canadians and have a 1-day attack and retreat on the Nazi-held coastal town of Dieppe. The plan was also to be secretive and attack at dark. None of these objectives were met. The Soviet Union was pressuring the Allies to open a second front in Western Europe. The Allies, however, needed to build up their military resources before undertaking a full campaign. They felt that a large raid on the coast of France could force the Germans to divert more of their military resources away from the Soviet Union and also help in the planning for the full-scale assault to come. (Canada Remembers) The first mistake was that they reached Dieppe in broad daylight, making this surprise attack not very surprising. Also, the Dieppe forces became on high alert at Dieppe because French agents warned them that the British were showing a great deal of interest in the area. When the Allied forces arrived at the port city, its flanking cliffs were well defended. Thesoldiers were met with very heavy machine gun fire from little stations dug into overlooking cliffs. The Allied fire support was not nearly adequate enough and the attackers were basically trapped on the beach by series of obstacles and never-ending German fire. After less than 6 hours, the Allies were forced to surrender and many of the soldiers were stranded on the port, to be killed or to be taken prisoner by the Germans. The Allied forces were beaten severely, they definitely lost this battle, and they lost it hard. Numerous tactical and technical errors were made, resulting in huge amounts of Canadian deaths. The raid was a disaster: More than 900 Canadian soldiers were killed, and thousands more were wounded and taken prisoner. Despite the bloodshed, the raid provided valuable lessons for subsequent Allied amphibious assaults on Africa, Italy and Normandy. (Herd) This was, after all, one of the first attempts by the Allies on a German-held port. This was an important, defining moment for Canadians because the lessons learned there became the guidelines of what not to do in regards to future endeavours, and influenced preparations for the highly successful Normandy landings. The last definitive moment of the 20th century was the Invasion of Normandy (D-Day) on June 6, 1944. The Allies attacked the German-held beaches of Normandy, France towards the end of World War II. The landings were done in two phases; the first was an airborne assault landing consisting of 24 000 British, US, and Canadian soldiers shortly after midnight. The second was an amphibious landing around 6:30 am of Allied infantry. This attack was executed by all elements: land, sea, and air. The invasion required transportation of soldiers, and materials from England by aircraft and ships. These particular landings took place on an 20 km stretch of the Normandy coast on 5 seperate beach areas: Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno, and Sword. The British armies took control over Sword and Gold, US took charge over Utah and Omaha, and Canadian forces stormed Juno. On June 6th, 1944, the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division and the 2nd Armoured Brigade were tasked with establishing a bridgehead on the beach codenamed Juno. This was an eight-kilometre long stretch of beach bordering Saint-Aubin, Bernieres, Courseulles-sur-Mer and Graye-sur-Mer. Assault troops were then to move towards the Carpiquet airfield, 18 kilometres inland. The 3rd Infantry Division, under Major-General R. F. L. Keller, was under command of the Second British Army. It was flanked on the left by the 3rd British Infantry Division that was to land on Sword beach (Lion-sur-Mer, Langrune-sur-Mer). To the right, the 50th British Division had as its target Gold Beach (La Riviere, Le Hamel, and Arromanches).(D-Day) Unlike the previous, unsuccessful raid at Dieppe, surprise was achieved at Normandy, thanks to bad weather and a very successful deception plan deployed in the months prior to the attack. The deceptive plan was used to distract Germanys attention from the possibility of landings in Normandy. Another key success was to convince Adolf Hitler that landings would occur at the Pas-de-Calais. At the same time of the attack, there wer e also decoy operations taking place. Fourteen thousand young Canadians stormed Juno Beach on D-Day. Their courage, determination and self-sacrifice were the immediate reasons for the success in those critical hours. The fighting they endured was fierce and frightening. The price they paid was high the battles for the beachhead cost 340 Canadian lives and another 574 wounded. (Juno Beach) By the end of D-Day, 30 000 Canadians had been successfully landed and all had penetrated further into France than any other Allied force! This was a defining moment for the country of Canada because, after all the previous, unsuccessful missions, they deserved a glorious victory. That is definitely what they got! All their hard work; preparing weapons, planting decoys, and all their extensive planning made this invasion so successful, and all the tedious work paid off. This event is definitive for me because my great-grandfather was involved in this attack, and thankfully returned home from it. There were definitely more than three defining moments for Canada during the 20th century, but the Battle of Vimy Ridge, the Dieppe Raid, and the Invasion of Normandy were three of the most significant. These events helped Canada grow as a nation, and made Canadians even more proud of their heritage and their country.

Audrey Hofstadter Summary: The Founding Fathers: The Age of Realism E

Audrey Hofstadter Summary: The Founding Fathers: The Age of Realism Summary of Section: I The reasoning behind the Constitution of the United States is presented as 'based upon the philosophy of Hobbes and the religion of Calvin. It assumes the natural state of mankind in a state of war, and that the carnal mind is at enmity with God.' Throughout, the struggle between democracy and tyranny is discussed as the Founding Fathers who envisioned the Constitution in Philadelphia in 1787 believed not in total democracy, but instead saw common man as selfish and contemptuous, and therefore in need of a 'a good political constitution to control him.' Being a largely propertied body, with the exception of William Few, who was the only one who could honestly be said to represent the majority yeoman farmer class, the highly privileged classes were fearful of granting man his due rights, as the belief that 'man was an unregenerate rebel who has to be controlled' reverberated. However, the Fathers were indeed ?intellectual heirs? of the seventeenth-century England republicanism with its opposition to arbitrary rule and faith in popular sovereignty. Thus, the paradoxical fears of the advance in democracy, and of a return to the extreme right emerged. The awareness that both military dictatorship and a return to monarchy were being seriously discussed in some quarters propelled the Constitutional framers such as John Jay to bring to attention. II Consistent to eighteenth-century ethos left the Constitution-makers with great faith in universals. They believed in an inexorable view of a self-interested man. Feeling that all me were naturally inclined to be bad they sought a compromising system of checks and balances for government. This was bolstered by the scientific work by Newton, ?in which metaphors sprang as naturally to mens minds as did biological metaphors in the Darwinian atmosphere of the late nineteenth century.? Therefore Madison and others thought to squelch the possibly dangerous majority by setting up a large number and variety of local interests, so that the people will ?be unable to concert and carry into effect their scheme of oppression.? And thus, chief powers went to the propertied. III Constitutional format was a series of ironical statements, as it stands in ?direct antithesis to American democratic f... ...anced. Governeur Morris understood that, ?Wealth tends to corrupt the mind and to nourish its love of power, and to stimulate it to oppression. History proves this to be the spirit of the opulent.? Therefore as seen with the second quote, Hofstadter is emphasizing the compromise in leaving a form of representative government as well as having a strong federal government in that ?its several constituent parts may, by their mutual relations, be the means of keeping each other in their proper places.? Therefore they saw it as in their form of a small direct democracy the unstable passions of the people would dominate law making; but a representative government, as Madison stated, would ?refine and enlarge the public views by passing them through the medium of a chosen body of citizens.? John Adams finally pointed out in Defence of the Constitution of Government of the United States that the split in assembly would stop the rich from ?plundering the poor, and vice versa,? wit h an impartial executive armed with the veto power. Thus, what radiates from such actions was the achievement of neutralization. Bibliography: Hofstadter, Richard. The American Political Tradition.

Essay --

Q3 Final Chemistry Essay Zephyr Dales - Second Period Prompt: What is the particle model of matter and how can it be used to explain what happens when you mix baking soda and vinegar? ____________________________________________________________________________ To start off this essay, the particle model of matter says that all matter is made of small particles that are consistently moving all of the time. In solids, the particles vibrate in one place, the solid shall hold it’s exact shape and volume. In liquids, particles can move throughout the liquids, and take shape of whatever is holding them. However, gas particles move very loosely, meaning they can go as they please. For example, vinegar is a liquid, and baking soda is a form of a solid, this explains what properties of matter the reactants are. (Sources: Composition Book / http://chemistrycrazymax.wikispaces.com) Now to take an examined look at both of the reactants we will be relating with in this essay; Baking Soda - Baking Soda is a sodium bicarbonate. It has the chemical formula of NaCHO3. This means it has three oxyge...

Balance Sheet and Annual Financial Statements Essay

The directors are responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of the annual financial statements of the Company and Group, comprising the directors’ report, the statements of financial position as at June 2013, the statements of comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows for the year then ended, and the notes to the financial statements, which include a summary of significant accounting policies and other explanatory notes, in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) and the requirements of the Companies Act of South Africa. The directors are satisfied that the information contained in the annual financial statements fairly represents the financial position at year-end and the financial performance and cash flows of the Company and Group. The directors are also responsible for such internal control as the directors determine is necessary to enable the preparation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, and for maintaining adequate accounting records and an effective system of risk management as well as the preparation of the supplementary schedules included in these financial statements. The directors believe that the Company and Group have adequate resources to continue trading as a going concern in the foreseeable future. The annual financial statements support the viability of the Company and the Group. The Group’s external auditors, PricewaterhouseCoopers Incorporated, audited the Company and Group annual financial statements, and their report is presented on page 5. The external auditors were given unrestricted access to all financial records and related data, including minutes of all meetings of shareholders, the board of directors and committees of the board. The directors believe that all representations made to the independent auditors during their audit are valid and appropriate. Approval of Annual Financial Statements The Company and Group annual financial statements of Shoprite Holdings Ltd, as identified in the first paragraph, were approved by the Board of directors on 19 August 2013 and signed on its behalf by: CH Wiese Chairman JW Basson Chief Executive Officer Certificate of the Company Secretary In terms of section 88(2)(e) of the Companies Act no 71 of 2008 (as amended) I, PG du Preez, in my capacity as Company Secretary, confirm that for the year ended 30 June 2013, the Company has lodged with the Companies and Intellectual Property Commission, all such returns as are required of a public company in terms of the Companies Act and that all such returns and notices are true, correct and up to date. PG du Preez Company Secretary 19 August 2013 Directors’ Report Shoprite Holdings Ltd and its Subsidiaries 2 NATURE OF BUSINESS Shoprite Holdings Limited (â€Å"Shoprite Holdings†) is an investment holding company listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange Limited (â€Å"JSE†) in the â€Å"food retailers & wholesalers† sector. Secondary listings are also maintained on the Namibian and Zambian Stock Exchanges. supermarket premises or developing new shopping centres to accommodate one of the Group’s supermarket formats. New retail developments and the redevelopment of existing properties are supervised through every stage of the planning-, design- and construction process. SHOPRITE INVESTMENTS LTD: SHOPRITE HOLDINGS COMPRISES OF THE FOLLOWING MAIN SUBSIDIARIES: As a wholly owned subsidiary of Shoprite Holdings, Shoprite Investments conducts the Group’s treasury function and financing of credit sales to third parties. SHOPRITE CHECKERS (PTY) LTD: Supermarkets: Serves a broad customer base through our Shoprite, Checkers, Checkers Hyper and Usave store formats. Supply Chain Management: Supplies the Group’s outlets in South Africa and 16 Non-RSA countries. The Group prides itself in running a state-ofthe-art distribution operation and became the first South African retailer to receive the ISO 9002 accreditation for import and export handling. Fast Foods: The Hungry Lion chain now boasts modern, well-designed stores with an inescapable focus on fried chicken and operates outlets within South Africa, Botswana, Zambia, Lesotho, Swaziland, Namibia, Angola and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Franchise: The OK Franchise Division’s stores offer a wide range of perishable and non-perishable food items and liquor under the OK, Friendly Grocer, 7-Eleven, Megasave en Sentra brands. Freshmark: Freshmark is the Group’s fruit and vegetable procurement and distribution arm and supplies fresh produce to the Group’s retail outlets. As one of the largest buyers of fresh produce in South Africa, Freshmark also imports fruit and vegetables to ensure a wide variety and continuity of traditionally seasonal fresh produce. Liquor Stores: Trading under the Shoprite and Checkers LiquorShop brands respectively, the liquor shops have extended the Group’s offering by providing a selection of wines, beers and a wide range of premium spirits to its customers. Meat Markets: The Group’s meat market division is the largest retailer of fresh meat on the African continent. Customers are served through in-store butcheries that employ qualified butchers and technicians. Money Markets: Money Markets offer a comprehensive range of financial services and products to the Group’s customers through dedicated in-store service counters. Furniture: The Furniture division offers furniture, electrical appliances and home entertainment products to customers for cash or credit through its OK Furniture, OK Power Express and House & Home outlets in South Africa, Botswana, Namibia, Swaziland, Lesotho, Zambia, Mozambique and Angola. Pharmacies and wholesale distribution: MediRite’s in-store pharmacies offer consumers an easy access to affordable healthcare and healthcare professionals. These in-store dispensaries currently operate throughout South Africa and also in Angola and Swaziland. The Group’s pharmaceutical wholesaler, Transpharm, sells and distributes a wide range of pharmaceutical products and surgical equipment to hospitals and clinics, dispensing doctors, veterinary surgeons and private and corporate pharmacies. Properties: This division is tasked with the responsibility of expanding the supermarket portfolio through the identification and leasing of new SHOPRITE HOLDINGS LTD ANNUAL FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 2013 COMPUTICKET (PTY) LTD: As a premier ticketing solution provider and one of the most recognised brand names, Computicket offers theatre, concert, festival, sport and cinema tickets along with bus tickets and gift vouchers through a network of outlets located across South Africa and Namibia, a call centre as well as the Computicket website. Computicket also offers travel packages. SHOPRITE INTERNATIONAL LTD: Incorporated in the Republic of Mauritius, Shoprite International is the holding company for the majority of the Group’s non-South African retail and property investments. SHOPRITE INSURANCE COMPANY LTD: Provides first and third party short-term insurance to the Group and its customers. OTHER GROUP SUBSIDIARIES: The interests of Shoprite Holdings in other subsidiaries are set out on page  69 of the Annual Financial Statements. FINANCIAL REVIEW The Group’s headline earnings per share amounts to 675,4 cents for the year (2012: 607,0 cents). Details of the profit of Shoprite Holdings and its subsidiaries are contained in the statement of comprehensive income on page 7 with reference to the operating segment information on page 23. The financial position of Shoprite Holdings and its subsidiaries are recorded in the statement of financial position on page 6. Further details are furnished in the notes to the annual financial statements on page 10 to 68. The Group’s net asset value per share as at 30 June 2013 was 2  837 cents (2012: 2  382 cents). DISTRIBUTION TO SHAREHOLDERS PREFERENCE DIVIDENDS Details are reflected in note 27 to the Group’s Annual Financial Statements. ORDINARY DIVIDENDS An interim cash dividend (no. 128) of 123 cents per share was paid on 18  March 2013. A final dividend (no. 129) of 215 cents per share, is payable on 16 September 2013, bringing the total dividend for the year to 338 cents (2012: 303 cents) per ordinary share. 3 SHARE CAPITAL The authorised share capital of Shoprite Holdings remained unchanged at 650 000 000 (six hundred and fifty million) ordinary shares of 113,4 cents (one hundred and thirteen comma four cents) each. There was no movement in the number of issued Shoprite Holdings ordinary shares which remained at 570 579 460 shares of 113,4 cents each. On 28 June 2012, shareholders approved the issue of an additional 13  803  405 non-convertible, non-participating, no par value deferred shares in the share capital of Shoprite Holdings to Thibault Square Financial Services (Pty) Ltd pursuant to the issue of 27  100  000 ordinary shares during the previous reporting period. These deferred shares were however only issued on 25 July 2012. As at 30 June 2013, 35 436 472 (6,2%) ordinary shares were held as treasury shares by a wholly owned subsidiary of Shoprite Holdings. GOING CONCERN The annual financial statements of the Group were prepared on a going concern basis. The Board has performed a formal review of the Group’s results and its ability to continue trading as a going concern in the foreseeable future. The directors of Shoprite Holdings confirm that they are satisfied that the Group has adequate resources to continue in business for the foreseeable future. During the reporting period the following special resolutions were passed by main Group subsidiaries: SHOPRITE CHECKERS (PTY) LTD – Special resolution number 1: Approval of new Memorandum of Incorporation; and – Special resolution number 2: Financial Assistance to Subsidiaries, Related and inter-related entities. SHOPRITE INVESTMENTS LTD – Special resolution number 1: Approval of new Memorandum of Incorporation. COMPUTICKET (PTY) LTD – Special resolution number 1: Approval of new Memorandum of Incorporation. SHOPRITE INTERNATIONAL LTD Special resolution number 1: Approval of new Constitution. SHOPRITE INSURANCE COMPANY LTD – Special resolution number 1: Approval of new Memorandum of Incorporation. BORROWINGS DIRECTORS AND SECRETARY Shoprite Holdings has unlimited borrowing powers in terms of its Memorandum of Incorporation. The Group’s overall level of debt increased from R4  035 million to R4  151 million during the financial year under review. The directors’ names and details are furnished on pages 8 and 9 and the company secretary’s name, business and postal address on page 67 of the Integrated Report. In terms of the Memorandum of Incorporation of Shoprite Holdings (â€Å"the MOI†), no less than one third of the non-executive directors shall retire by rotation at each Annual General Meeting. Dr CH Wiese, Messrs EC Kieswetter, JA Louw and JF Malherbe retire as directors, in terms of paragraph 33. 5. 1 of the MOI of the Company, at the Annual General Meeting. Dr CH Wiese, Messrs EC Kieswetter and JA  Louw have offered themselves for re-election as directors of Shoprite Holdings. The board supports the re-election of these directors. SPECIAL RESOLUTIONS At the Annual General Meeting of Shoprite Holdings held on 29 October 2012, shareholders approved the following special resolutions: – Special resolution number 1: Remuneration payable to Non-Executive Directors; – Special resolution number 2: Financial Assistance to Subsidiaries, Related and inter-related entities; – Special resolution number 3: Financial Assistance for Subscription of Securities; – Special resolution number 4: General Approval to repurchase shares; and – Special resolution number 5: Approval of new Memorandum of Incorporation as proposed by the Board. Directors’ Report (continued) The company’s directors are responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of these consolidated and separate financial statements in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards and the requirements of the Companies Act of South Africa, and for such internal control as the directors determine is necessary to enable the preparation of consolidated and separate financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error. AUDITOR’S RESPONSIBILITY Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated and separate financial statements based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with International Standards on Auditing. Those standards require that we comply with ethical requirements and plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated and separate financial statements are free from material misstatement. An audit involves performing procedures to obtain audit evidence about the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. The procedures selected depend on the auditor’s judgement, including the assessment of the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to fraud or error. In making those risk assessments, the auditor considers internal control relevant to the entity’s preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the entity’s internal control. An audit also includes evaluating the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of accounting estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our audit opinion. OPINION In our opinion, the consolidated and separate financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated and separate financial position of Shoprite Holdings Limited as at 30 June 2013, and its consolidated and separate financial performance and its consolidated and separate cash flows for the year then ended in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards and the requirements of the Companies Act of South Africa. OTHER REPORTS REQUIRED BY THE COMPANIES ACT As part of our audit of the consolidated and separate financial statements for the year ended 30 June 2013, we have read the Directors’ Report, the Audit Committee’s Report and the Company Secretary’s Certificate for the purpose of identifying whether there are material inconsistencies between these reports and the audited consolidated and separate financial statements. These reports are the responsibility of the respective preparers. Based on reading these reports we have not identified material inconsistencies between these reports and the audited consolidated and separate financial statements. The  most significant assumptions and estimates used in applying the Group’s accounting policies relate to the following: a) Impairment of assets: The Group performs a review of loss-making stores and considers the need for the impairment of assets under these circumstances. This determination requires significant judgment. The Group evaluates amongst other things, the duration and extent of the losses, the near-term business outlook for the store, and the possible redeployment of the assets between stores. Refer to notes 3, 9 and 26. Useful lives of assets: In determining the depreciation and amortisation charge for property, plant and equipment and intangible assets, management applies judgment in estimating the useful lives and residual values of these different asset classes. Refer to notes 3, 9 and 21. c) Income taxes: The Group is subject to income taxes in numerous jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required in determining the worldwide accrual for income taxes. The Group recognises liabilities for anticipated uncertain income tax positions based on estimates of potential additional taxes due. With regards to deferred income tax assets for unutilised income tax losses, judgment is also required to whether sufficient future taxable income will be available against which these losses can be utilised. Refer to notes 1. 11 and 28. d) Allowances for doubtful debts: Trade receivables include instalment sale debtors and franchise debtors for which allowances for impairment are made in accordance with the accounting policy in note 1. 15. These calculations involve the discounting of projected future cash flows and require the use of estimates. Details regarding the allowances are set out in note 12. e) Employee benefit accruals and provisions: Various assumptions are applied in determining the valuations of post-retirement medical benefits, share based payment accruals and long term employee benefits as set out in notes 1. 20, 1. 22, 14, 17 and 35. Estimates and assumptions that have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying value of assets and liabilities in a subsequent year relate to the following: income taxes; allowances for doubtful debts and employee benefit allowances. All estimates and underlying assumptions are based on historical experience and various other factors that management believes are reasonable under the circumstances. The results of these estimates form the basis of judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates. The estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognised in the period in which the estimate is revised and any affected future periods. Use of adjusted measures The measures listed below are presented as management believes it to be relevant to the understanding of the Group’s financial performance. These measures are used for internal performance analysis and provide additional useful information on underlying trends to equity holders. These measures are not defined terms under IFRS and may therefore not be comparable with similarly titled measures reported by other entities. It is not intended to be a substitute for, or superior to, measures as required by IFRS. a) Trading profit on the face of the statement of comprehensive income, being the Group’s operating results excluding foreign exchange rate differences and income or expenditure of a capital nature. b) Income or expenditure of a capital nature on the face of the statement of comprehensive income, being all re-measurements excluded from the calculation of headline earnings per share in accordance with the guidance contained in SAICA Circular 3/2012: Headline Earnings. The principal items that will be included under this measure are: gains and losses on disposal and scrapping of property, plant and equipment, intangible assets and assets held for sale; impairments or reversal of impairments; any non-trading items such as gains and losses on disposal of investments, operations and subsidiaries. c) Interest received on the face of the statement of comprehensive income, being only interest received on call and operating bank account balances. Subsidiaries Subsidiaries are entities (including special purpose entities) which are, directly or indirectly, controlled by the Group. Control is established where the Group has the power to govern the financial and operating policies of an entity so as to obtain benefits from its activities. The existence and effect of potential voting rights that are currently exercisable or convertible are considered when assessing whether the Group controls another.